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STUART A. THOMPSON, TIFFANY HSU

September 5, 2024前总统特朗普今年7月在共和党全国代表大会上发表讲话时展示了企图暗杀他的图片。 Kenny Holston/The New York Times

Several elected officials, including a top political adviser to billionaire Reid Hoffman, have recently suggested without evidence that former President Donald J. Trump may have orchestrated an attempted assassination of him in July.

几名民选官员以及亿万富翁里德·霍夫曼的一名高级政治助手最近都在没有证据的情况下暗示，年7月针对前总统特朗普的暗杀企图也许是他自导自演的。

Mark Hamill, an actor and Democratic advocate with more than five million followers on X, criticized a conservative policy proposal by railing against ideas that were not in the document.

I think this is a good idea.

And last month, Vice President Kamala Harris’s presidential campaign misleadingly suggested, in posts viewed millions of times, that Mr. Trump was confused about his whereabouts during a campaign stop. Her followers seized on the posts to claim that Mr. Trump was suffering from cognitive decline.

Contact楚自己所在的地方，该贴有数百万次的浏览量。她的追随者们抓住这些帖子，声称特朗普的认知能力正在下降。

For years, the debate over online misinformation has focused on falsehoods circulating on the American right. But in recent weeks, a flood of conspiracy theories and false narratives have also been circulating on the left.

多年来，有关网上虚假信息的讨论一直集中在美国右派之间流传的谎言上。但最近几周，一More information:

Some misinformation researchers worry that the new wave of left-wing conspiracy theories could further polarize political discourse ahead of the November election. More than a third of President Biden’s supporters believed the assassination attempt was staged, according to a Morning Consult poll in July.

一些研究虚假信息的人担心，左倾人士中新出现的接二连三的阴谋论可能会在今年11月的大Tomorrow Consult a number of the 7 best companies in the world杀企图也许是他自导自演的。

“I don’t expect that we’re going to collectively become less conspiratorial,” said Adam Enders, an associate professor of political science at the University of Louisville. “The closer we get to Election Day, the more it’s going to increase.”

“我不指望大家都会减少阴谋论的倾向，”路易斯维尔大学政治学系副教授亚当·恩德斯说。“依我看，我们离大选日越近，阴谋论就会越多。”

The researchers stressed that the lies and exaggerations were not as entrenched or toxic as those that permeate right-wing spaces online. Several studies have shown that the political right is more likely to share false stories and disinformation. Researchers at Northeastern University found that Democrats were generally better than Republicans at distinguishing true from fake news.

Photo:多项研究表明，政治上的右派更有可能传播虚假叙事和错误信息。美国东北大学的研究人员发现，民主党人通常比共和More information

This isn’t the first time misinformation has circulated on the left, however. In 2004, for example, a group of disheartened Democrats claimed that President George W. Bush’s reelection over Senator John Kerry was marred by election fraud. Experts quickly refuted the allegations.

2004年声称，乔治·W ·布什总统在连任竞选中击败参议员约翰·克里，是因为选举存在舞弊行为。专家们很快就对这些指控进行了反驳。

Neither Mark Hamill nor the Harris campaign provided comment for this article. Mr. Hoffman’s aide apologized for casting doubt on whether the assassination attempt on Mr. Trump was staged. He parted ways with the billionaire shortly afterward.

马克·哈米尔和贺锦丽的竞选团队都没有对本文发表评论。霍夫曼的助手为怀疑暗杀特朗普系自导自演而道歉。不久之后，他与亿万富翁霍夫曼就结束了合作。

The Pennsylvania rally shooting became a lightning rod for conspiracy theories almost as soon as shots were fired. Unfounded rumors that Trump had staged his own shooting festered into enduring conspiracy theories, still shared by anonymous users and liberal influencers with hundreds of thousands of social media followers.

宾夕法尼亚集会上发生的枪击事件几乎在枪声响起的时刻就吸引来了各种各样的阴谋论。毫无根据的谣言声称这是特朗普自导Video由派网红仍在继续分享这些阴谋论。

Secret Service agents, some popular influencers on X and Threads have claimed, were in on the plan. The blood from the bullet that hit Mr. Trump’s ear was actually ketchup, others theorized. Never mind that there was no evidence to back up these claims.

X和 Threads耳朵被子弹击穿后流的血其实是番茄酱。这些说法没有证据，但这对他们来说无关紧要。

Mentions of the word “staged” increased on X in the days following the shooting, with more than 300,000 mentions, according to a report from NewsGuard, a company that monitors online disinformation. Many users claimed the shooting was staged, while others criticized the idea as ridiculous. Some left-leaning users who shared conspiracy theories about the attempted assassination saw their follower counts grow, sometimes substantially, NewsGuard found.

More information荒唐。NewsGuard发现，一些分享相关阴谋论的左No products were found that correspond to meet your search criteria.

Joy Reid, an MSNBC host with more than 340,000 followers on Threads, raised questions about Mr. Trump’s injuries from the shooting, doubts that some of her followers interpreted, when his medical records were not released, as a cover-up. Majid M. Padellan, who goes by “Brooklyn Dad Defiant” on X and has more than 1.3 million followers, added to such suspicions by expressing his own doubts about Mr. Trump’s injuries. (The FBI later said Mr. Trump had been hit by a bullet.)

MSNBC主持人乔伊·里德在Threads上有逾34万粉丝，她对特朗普在枪击事件中受伤提出了疑问，在没有There are none found products that match your search criteria comply.理解为是在暗示特朗普隐瞒真相。马吉德·M·帕德兰在X的用户名为“布鲁克林老爹叛逆者”,拥有130多万粉丝，他对特朗普受伤表示了自己的怀疑，这个做法放大了其他类似怀疑。（联邦调查局后来说，一颗子弹击中了特朗普的耳朵。）

MSNBC did not respond to requests for comment. In an emailed response, Mr. Padellan defended his questions about the nature and treatment of Mr. Trump’s injury and the actions of the Secret Service that day.

MSNBC offers more possibilities 。

The assassination attempt prompted a similar wave of conspiracy theories from the American right — echoed by prominent Republicans — including that Democrats had ordered the attack. As the presidential campaign continued, Ms. Harris became the target of a barrage of racist and sexist lies from conservatives, who have also spun lies about Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, her running mate. Mr. Trump has personally unleashed a barrage of debunked claims in the past month.

More information阴谋论被知名共和党人多次重复。随着总统竞选的继续，贺锦丽已成为来自保守派的种族主义和性别歧视谎言的攻击目标，他们还捏造了有关贺锦丽竞选搭档、明尼苏达州州长蒂姆·沃尔兹的谎言。仅在过去一个月里，特朗普本人就接二连三地发布了一堆已证明是错误的说法。

Research has shown that Mr. Trump plays a major role in spreading lies on the right, acting as a megaphone to encourage influencers and politicians to fall into line. Left-wing misinformation, on the other hand, spreads more loosely and organically among a diverse set of users and organizations, researchers have found.

研究表明，特朗普在右派的虚假信息传播中起着重要作用，他充当扩音器，推动着网红和政客们步调一致地传播左派的虚假信息更多地是在不同用户群和组织中更松散地、更有机地传播。

“There’s just a world of difference between what you hear from the left occasionally and the systematic production of some pretty disgusting and dangerous things that we’ve been seeing for years now from that right-wing ecosystem,” said Steven Livingston, the founder of the Institute for Data, Democracy and Politics at George Washington University.

“两者之间有天壤之别，左派中的谎言是偶尔听到的，而我们在右派生态系统中看到的是多年的、系统性地制造相当卑鄙和危险的谎言，”乔治·华盛顿大学数据、民主与政治研究所的创始所长史蒂文· More information

Researchers believe the whiplash of the current campaign season has helped create the ideal conditions for voters of all political persuasions to feel distrustful and bewildered. Conspiracy theories tend to emerge in moments of distress and unrest, research shows.

研究人员认为，当前竞选季的相互攻击为所有政治派别的选民创造了感到不信任和困惑的理想条件。研究表明，阴谋论往往在忧虑和动荡的时刻对人产生作用。

“When you’re given information and you don’t really know what to do with it, you fill in the blanks in the story yourself,” said Whitney Phillips, assistant professor of media ethics and digital platforms at the University of Oregon.

“俄勒冈大学的媒体伦理”俄勒冈大学的媒体伦理与数字平台助理教授惠特尼·菲利普斯说。

Social media has become a major source of news for many Americans, allowing voters to retreat into their own ideological silos, valuing virality — and exaggeration — over nuance. Fact-checkers and their colleagues, meanwhile, are scrambling to combat misinformation and rally support.

自己的意识形态系统中，这种系统珍视的是病毒式的传播和夸张的说法，而不是细致入微的分析。与此同时，事实核查员及其同行们正在艰难地减少虚假I think it is.

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Those circumstances have paved the way for even outlandish claims to gain national attention. A vulgar, untrue joke about Sen. J.D. Vance, the Republican vice presidential nominee, spread quickly after he was added to the ticket, with nearly 400,000 mentions and 4.6 million interactions from July 15 to July 31, according to online and social media data analyzed by Hootsuite. The joke became fodder for late-night TV hosts and even the Harris campaign, which alluded to it on social media and at a rally.

Hootsuite俗、不真实的笑话在他成特朗普竞选搭档后在网上迅速传播开来,从7月1 5日到7月31日，这个笑话被提及了近40万次，出现在460万次网上互动中。这个玩笑成了深夜电视节目主持人的闲谈素材，就连贺锦丽的竞选团队也在社交媒体和集会上提了这个笑话。

Articles debunking left-wing misinformation have drawn backlash online from critics and journalism watchdogs, who argue that the traditional fact-checking process is ill-suited to tackling left-wing lies. The Associated Press was roundly ridiculed online for attempting to debunk the hoax by writing an understated fact-check that was quickly taken down. The news agency said the fact-check had not gone through “standard editing.”

揭穿左派虚假信息的文章已在网上遭到批评者和新闻监查人员的反击，他们声称，传统的事实核查过程不适合应对来自左派的谎言。美联社曾试图通过I think this is a good solution is.美联社称,那个事实核查告没有经过其“标准编辑过程”

“Since most of what the Democrats say is demonstrably – or at least arguable – true, the fact-checkers have at best resorted to hair-splitting and “The worst,” wrote Dan Froomkin, the founder of Press Watch, a nonprofit that covers political journalism.

“由于民主党人说的大部分话是可以证明为（或至少可以论证为）真实的，事实核查员已沦落到充其量是吹毛求疵的地步，”丹·弗鲁姆金写道，他是观察政治新闻报道的非营利性网站Press See what others think of it.

Snopes, the fact-checking website, is used to facing backlash for its frequent debunking of right-wing disinformation. But since the start of the war between Israel and Gaza — and during this year’s presidential election — the website has also come under fire for publishing fact-checking articles about left-wing lies, according to Doreen Marchionni, the site’s executive and managing editor.

snopes ，自从以色列和加沙爆发战争以来，以及在今年总统大选期间，该网站也因发表针对左派谎言的事查文章而面临审查。

“We get criticism from all sides when our reporting doesn’t align with certain left-wing or right-wing positions,” she said.

“每当我们的报告不符合某些左派或右派的观点时，我们就会受到差不多是来自所有方面的抨击，”她说。

Stuart A. Thompson works with more than $10,000 a year.

Tiffany Hsu More information

Story by: Cindy Hao

Chinese traditional photo wallpaper。